It has been talked for years! It began with face transplantation. First partial face transplantation was performed in France, 2005. In 2010 full face transplantation was performed. In Turkey, there were some transplantations by Akdeniz University, Hacettepe University and Gazi University 2012 and 2013.
Many things were said about face transplantation. Ethical issues were argued. The appearance of someone who has an operation (face transplantation) changes. Ofcourse there is no ethical problem if it is necessary. There were some of hypothesis on face transplantation. what if someone committed a crime and that individual had face transplantation after crime and hid?
I bet you cannot find an operator who perform a non-ethical operation like this. You always you unless you change your DNA. DNA is your ID.
It is similar to perform head and face transplantation. In both cases you must connect all arteries, veins and nerves.
Arteries which supply face;
Submental artery - branch of facial artery.
Inferior labial artery - branch of facial artery.
Superior labial artery - branch of facial artery.
Lateral nasal artery - branch of facial artery.
Superficial temporal artery - branch of external carotid artery.
Transversal facial artery - branch of superficial temporal artery.
Supraorbital artery.
Supratrochlear artery.
Veins which drain face;
Facial vein.
Supratrochlear vein.
Infraorbital vein.
Nerves of face; Sensory nerves are branches of trigeminal nerve.
Ophthalmic nerve
-lacrimal nerve.
-supraorbital nerve.
-supratrochlear nerve.
-infratrochlear nerve.
-external nasal nerve.
Maxillary nerve
-Infraorbital nerve.
-zygomaticofacial nerve.
-zygomaticatemporal verve.
Mandibular nerve
-mental nerve.
-buccal nerve.
-auriculotemporal nerve.
You put the face in position and connect every artery, vein and nerve, things must go well in post-op period. The new face should become adapted to new owner. Immunologic issues must be considered. Be aware of infections! Sometimes it can be fatal, because facial vein connects to cavernous sinus, this means infections can be transferred into the head. In cavernous sinus there are some important structures. These structures are internal carotid artery, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve,trigeminal nerve (first and second branches) abducens nerve.
Facial nerve is motor nerve of face. after it leaves the bone, it goes into parotid gland. Facial nerve separates the parotid gland into two pieces, deep and superficial. After it leaves the gland, gives five branches and are distributed to the face.
What about Head Transplantation
Discussions continue. Last year Prof. Sergio Canavero said that he performed head transplantation on cadaver in China.
You can dream the Robocop when someone say head transplantation. It is clear that this transplantation is not simple as it seems. Complicacy and number of structure that you must connect increase!
Brain is delicate. Oxygen is essential. Brain dies if it cannot take oxygen. I mean you should give oxygen and glucose during the operation. This requires a very complicated system.
We know that a neuron can regenerate itself. Yes you guess it! We connect the spinal cord. Spinal cord has many ascending and descending ways.
Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and external jugular vein must be connected too. These are great vessels of neck, this connection consider as simple but the nerve of main inspiration muscle -the diaphragm- the phrenic nerve must be connected successfully. Trachea and oesophagus must be connected with no fugitive material.
The tenth cranial nerve is vagus nerve. It is important as phrenic nerve. The vagus is a parasympathetic innervation source up to 1/3 left of transverse colon and responsible for sensory and motor innervation (for example; larynx). This nerve should stay in operation.
The sympathetic source of head comes from superior cervical ganglion. This nerve group should also be connected. The muscles of head and neck that supply normal movements should be connected. But long term rehabilitations will be required.
It is predicted that the operation (on living human) will be performed in China again.
I think the success rate of the head transplantation operation is very low. It needs more time and struggle.
Detailed articles about head and face will be here soon!
Science be with you!
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